AdvanceMe Inc v. RapidPay LLC, No. 6:05-cv-00424 (E.D. Tex. Dec. 21, 2006)

This claim construction opinion construes terms in U.S. Patent No. 6,941,281 (“the °281

patent”). Plaintiff AdvanceMe, Inc. (“AdvanceMe”) asserts that Defendants RapidPay, LLC,

Business Capital Corporation, First Funds LLC, Merchant Money Tree, Inc., Reach Financial, LLC,

Fast Transact, LLC d/b/a Simple Cash, and Amerimerchant, LLC have infringed the ‘281 patent.

The Patent

The ‘281 patent is entitled “Automated Payment” and relates to systems and processes for

automated repayment of a loan by a merchant borrower via fees levied through an entity that

2sige 6:05-ev-00424-LED Document'182° Filed 12/21/06 Page 2 of 44 Pagel

processes payment transactions for the merchant. The systems and processes of the invention utilize

consumer payment transactions with the merchant to allow the merchant to reduce the outstanding

loan amount.

Applicable Law

“Tt is a ‘bedrock principle’ of patent law that ‘the claims of a patent define the invention to

which the patentee is entitled the right to exclude.” Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1312

(Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc) (quoting Innova/Pure Water Inc. v. Safari Water Filtration Sys., Inc., 381

F.3d 1111, 1115 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). In claim construction, courts examine the patent’s intrinsic

_ evidence to define the patented invention’s scope. See id.; CR. Bard, Inc. v. U.S. Surgical Corp.,

388 F.3d 858, 861 (Fed. Cir. 2004); Bell Ail. Network Servs., Inc. v. Covad Communications Group,

Inc., 262 F.3d 1258, 1267 (Fed. Cir. 2001). This intrinsic evidence includes the claims themselves,

the specification, and the prosecution history. See Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314; C_R. Bard, Inc., 388

F.3d at 861. Courts give claim terms their ordinary and accustomed meaning as understood by one

415 F.3d at 1312-13; Alloc, Inc. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 342 F.3d 1361, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

The claims themselves provide substantial guidance in determining the meaning ofp articular

claim terms. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314. First, a term’s context in the asserted claim can be very

instructive. Jd. Other asserted or unasserted claims can also aid in determining the claim’s meaning

because claim terms are typically used consistently throughout the patent. Jd. Differences among

the claim terms can also assist in understanding a term’s meaning. Jd. For example, when a

dependent claim adds a limitation to an independent claim, it is presumed that the independent claim

does not include the limitation. /d. at 1314-15.

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Claims “must be read in view of the specification, of which they are a part.” Jd. (quoting

Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 978 (Fed. Cir. 1995)). “[T]he specification

“is always highly relevant to the claim construction analysis. Usually, itis dispositive; it is the single

best guide to the meaning of a disputed term.’” /d. (quoting Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc.,

90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996)); Teleflex, Inc. v. Ficosa N. Am. Corp., 299 F.3d 1313, 1325

(Fed. Cir. 2002). This is true because a patentee may define his own terms, give a claim term a

different meaning than the term would otherwise possess, or disclaim or disavow the claim scope.

Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1316. In these situations, the inventor’s lexicography governs. /d. Also, the

specification may resolve ambiguous claim terms “where the ordinary and accustomed meaning of

the words used in the claims lack sufficient clarity to permit the scope of the claim to be ascertained

from the words alone.” Teleflex, Inc., 299 F.3d at 1325. But, “although the specification may aid

the court in interpreting the meaning of disputed claim language, particular embodiments and

examples appearing in the specification will not generally be read into the claims.” Comark

Communications, Inc. v. Harris Corp., 156 F.3d 1182, 1187 (Fed. Cir. 1998); see also Phillips, 415

F.3d at 1323. The prosecution history is another tool to supply the proper context for claim

construction because a patent applicant may also define a term in prosecuting the patent. Home

Diagnostics, Inc., v. Lifescan, Inc., 381 F.3d 1352, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“As in the case of the

specification, a patent applicant may define a term in prosecuting a patent.”).

Although extrinsic evidence can be useful, it is “less significant than the intrinsic record in

ng ‘the legally operative meaning of claim language.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317 (quoting determini

C.R. Bard, Inc., 388 F.3d at 862). Technical dictionaries and treatises may help a court understand

the underlying technology and the manner in which one skilled in the art might use claim terms, but

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technical dictionaries and treatises may provide definitions that are too broad or may not be

indicative of how the term is used in the patent. /d. at 1318. Similarly, expert testimony may aid

a court in understanding the underlying technology and determining the particular meaning ofa term

in the pertinent field, but an expert’s conclusory, unsupported assertions as to a term’s definition is

entirely unhelpful to a court. Id. Generally, extrinsic evidence is “less reliable than the patent and

its prosecution history in determining how to read claim terms.” Jd.

The patent-in-suit also contains means-plus-function limitations that require construction.

Where a claim limitation is expressed in “means plus function” language and does not recite definite

structure in support ofits function, the limitation is subject to 35 U.S.C. § 112,96. Braun Med., Inc.

Labs., 124 F.3d 1419, 1424 (Fed. Cir. 1997). In relevant part, 35 U.S.C. § 112, | 6 v. Abbott

hat “such a claim limitation ‘be construed to cover the corresponding structure . . . mandates t

described in the specification and equivalents thereof.” Jd. (citing 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¥ 6).

Accordingly, when faced with means-plus-function limitations, courts “must turn to the written

description of the patent to find the structure that corresponds to the means recited in the

[limitations].” Jd.

Construing a means-plus-function limitation involves multiple inquiries. “The first step in

ng [a means-plus-function] limitation is a determination of the function of the means-plus-construi

on limitation.” Medtronic, Inc. v. Advanced Cardiovascular Sys., Inc., 248 F.3d 1303, 1311 functi

2001). Once a court has determined the limitation’s function, “the next step is to (Fed. Cir.

ne the corresponding structure disclosed in the specification and equivalents thereof.” Id. determi

A “structure disclosed in the specification is ‘corresponding’ structure only if the specification or

prosecution history clearly links or associates that structure to the function recited in the claim.” Jd.

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Moreover, the focus of the “corresponding structure” inquiry is not merely whether a structure is

performing the recited function, but rather whether the corresponding structure is “clearly capable of

linked or associated with the [recited] function.” Jd.

The Terms

The parties have agreed on the construction of several previously disputed terms, and the

will construe the remaining disputed terms: “customer identifier,” “obligation,” “debit card,” Court

“smart card,” “accumulating payments until a predetermined amount is reached,“periodically

g,” “third party,” “means for accepting a customer identifier as payment from the customer forwardin

g means),” “means for electronically forwarding information related to the payment to a (acceptin

rized merchant processor (electronically forwarding means),” “means for receiving the compute

related to the payment from the merchant (receiving means),” and “means for information

forwarding a portion of the payment to the third party (portion forwarding means).”

Customer Identifier

tiff proposes the construction, “any information submitted to a merchant or its designee Plain

ment of goods or services.” Defendant advances a construction of “unique identifying for pay

wever, Plaintiff argues that while an account number may serve as a customer account number.” Ho

y skill in the art would clearly understand from reading the claims and the identifier, one of ordinar

1 patent that an account number is only one kind of identifying information specification of the ‘28

a merchant as payment for goods and services as recited in claims | and 10. that can be submitted to

y attempts by Defendant to limit this term to a single specific embodiment Plaintiff discounts an

disclosed in the ‘281 specification.

nters that the ‘281 specification consistently explains that the invention is Defendant cou

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concerned with the use of unique identifying account numbers. Defendant points to Column 1, lines

e ‘281 specification which provides several examples of “unique identifying account 31-32, in th

numbers” as “e.g., credit, debit, charge, payment, smart, etc. card numbers.”

specification notes that the payment information that is forwarded to the Indeed, the ‘281

ocessor “relates to a customer identifier” and “that identifier can be the account number merchant pr

example, a debit card, a smart card, a credit card (e.g., a Visa or MasterCard associated with, for

g., an American Express card), etc.” Col. 1, lines 55-61. The ‘281 patent card), a charge card (e.

s card transactions as the basic starting point of the invention. The summary of the invention identifie

sizes that the invention is based on transactions involving unique identifying account also empha

numbers, particularly card account numbers. See Col. 1, lines 17-25 and lines 29-33.

281 specification consistently refers to the use of account numbers, rather than Because the ‘

when explaining the loan repayment process, see Col. 2, lines 44-48, the just “any information,”

Defendants to be correct that Plaintiff's construction is overly broad and is incompatible Court finds

within which the invention operates. Thus, the Court adopts Defendant's with the environment

ues the term customer identifier as “unique identifying account number.” construction and constr

Obligation

s a construction of the term “obligation” as “an amount owed by a merchant Plaintiff advance

y costs or fees arising out of the use of customer identifiers as payment.” that is independent of an

er hand, originally asserted that “obligation” should be construed according Defendants, on the oth

g but then stated in their responsive briefing that the term should account for to its ordinary meanin

es. Defendants argue that the term should exclude only certain enumerated transactional costs and fe

scount rate, interchange fees and network fees), but not other fees and costs fees and costs (e.g., di

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normally associated with the typical transaction processing environment. Thus, Defendants propose

a construction of: “amount owed by merchant other than the processing fees, i.e., discount rate,

interchange fee, and network fee.”

‘281 specification describes a number of fees and costs that are usually incurred by a The

merchant, including merchant processor fees, discount rates or surcharges, interchange fees, network

rd service fees, transaction fees, and card issuer fees. Col. 4, line 21 - Col. 5, line 3. fees, ca

r, the term “obligation,” as used in the context of the ‘281 patent consistently refers to an Howeve

merchant that is independent of any particular purchase and outside of any of amount owed by the

d/or costs normally imposed on the merchant for a typical processing transaction. The the fees an

es an example of the kinds of fees that are incurred in a typical transaction ‘281 specification provid

processing environment:

The merchant processor 300 thus pays the merchant 20 some amount less than what the merchant 20 would receive in the [typical transaction processing environment described in relation to FIGS. 1A and 1B]... . For example, carrying on with the example introduced above with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B, instead of paying

to the merchant 20 on a $100 original card purchase, the merchant processor $98.10 30 might send $88.10 to the merchant 20 and the other $10.00 to the [payment receiver or third party].

See Col. 5, lines 29-37.

e context of authorization and settlement of a customer payment for goods When read in th

from the illustrations that the “obligation” recited in the claims of the ‘281 or services, it is clear

ny of the fees or costs deducted for using the typical transaction processing patent does not include a

“overhead” amounts that are incurred as a result of merely handling the environment, i.e., the

g a customer identifier, not just the discount rate, interchange fees and customer payment usin

dants claim. To limit the “overhead” amounts exclusion to just those things network fees as Defen

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specifically enumerated in the ‘281 patent specification would amount to expanding the scope of the

claim language beyond the restrictions fairly articulated in the ‘281 patent specification.

Plaintiff also directs the Court to the prosecution history of the ‘281 patent, and notes that

during the prosecution, the Applicant articulated that “[t]he existence of the loan in the present

invention is independent of and unrelated to the consummation of any particular purchase [by a

customer].” ‘544 Patent File History, 1/20.99 Am. and Resp., p. 3. Defendants assert that this

portion of the prosecution history can be ignored because it was made “during prosecution of a

different patent and with respect to a different term in a different claim” Defs.’ Resp. Claim

Construction Br., p. 8. However, the prosecution history of a parent patent is part of the prosecution

history of the child patent. See Goldenberg v. Cytogen, 373 F.3d 1158, 1167 (Fed. Cir. 2004)

(holding that the prosecution history of the parent application is treated “as part of the instrinsic

evidence” of the child application when construing claim terms). The ‘281 Patent is a continuation

of the ‘544 Patent, and as Plaintiff points out, both patents contain identical disclosures. Thus, the

statements made during the prosecution of the ‘544 Patent apply to the construction of “obligation”

in the ‘281 Patent.

ordingly, the Court construes the term “obligation” as “an amount owed by a merchant Acc

that is independent of any costs or fees arising out of the use of customer identifiers as payment.”

Debit card

h parties agree that this term should be construed as “‘a card linked to a deposit account.” Bot

However, Defendants propose a construction that includes the phrase “that can be used to make

purchases.” Without this phrase, Defendants argue that “debit card” could be read illogically to

include such things as ATM cards that are linked to deposit account but can only be used to

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withdraw cash from those linked deposit accounts, and not to make purchases at a merchant that are

processed using the system and method of the invention.

that including the phrase “that can be used to make purchases” to the Plaintiffs assert

construction of debit card would make the “as payment” portions of claims | and 10 superfluous.

rrect that Defendants’ construction referencing “used to make purchases” is superfluous Plaintiff is co

because the use of the customer identifier to make payment is already specified. See, e.g., Elekta

Instrument S.A. v. O.U.R. Scientific Intern., Inc.,214 F.3d 1302, 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2000); Brainy Ideas,

Inc. v. Media Group, 169 F. Supp.2d 361, 363 n.2 (E.D. Pa. 2001).

Defendants’ argument that otherwise the card could be an ATM card ignores the context of

usage of the term in the claim. The “debit card” is already limited by the claim to use to make

Moreover, the claim is directed to structure. To add the phrase “that can be used to make purchases.

ses” goes beyond mere structure and makes a statement of intended use, which is not a purcha

structural limitation.

Thus, the Court declines to include the additional phrase proposed by Defendants and

construes the term “debit card” as “a card linked to a deposit account.”

Smart card

es propose similar constructions except that Defendants seek to impose an Again, the parti

al limiting phrase. Plaintiff proposes the construction, “a card that contains an integrated addition

as a microprocessor or a memory,” while Defendants advance the construction, “card circuit such

n integrated circuit, such as a microprocessor or a memory, that can be used to make containing a

purchases.”

his is the same issue as presented by “debit card,” although the term “smart,” unlike the T

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e a structural aspect. Likewise, the Court declines to include the additional term “debit” does connot

efendants and construes the term “smart card” as “a card that contains an phrase proposed by D

integrated circuit such as a microprocessor or a memory.”

Accumulating the payments until a predetermined amount is reached

s that the phrase “accumulating the payments until a predetermined amount Plaintiff assert

onstrued as “holding a payment or payments until a predetermined monetary is reached” should be c

Defendants agree with the ending of Plaintiffs proposed construction “. . . until amount is reached.”

ary amount is reached.” However, Defendants assert that the construction a predetermined monet

umulating the payments . . .” rather than “holding a payment or payments . . should start with “acc

.” as proposed by Plaintiff.

pressly uses “payments” in the plural. This requires that there must The claim term itself ex

ent, and that more than one payment, i.e., at least two payments, have to be be more than one paym

Defendants are correct that more than a single payment must be held, and the accumulated. Thus,

se “accumulating the payments until a predetermined amount is reached” Court construes the phra

umulating the payments until a predetermine monetary amount is reached.” as “acc

Periodically forwarding

nstruction for “periodically forwarding” of “forwarding at intervals Plaintiff advances a co

ned amount.” Plaintiff points to two specific situations described in defined by time or predetermi

the illustrated embodiments in the ‘281 specification:

ther embodiment, the merchant processor may periodically forward at least a In ano

f the payment to the lender or designee. For example, the merchant portion o processor may forward payment amounts every month, or based on an amount such

ach one thousand dollars ($1000) worth of transactions. Col. 2, lines 20-25. as after e

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Also, as another example, the merchant processor 300 can periodically forward payment to the lender 60, such as upon every other payment received from the card issuer 50. Col. 5, lines 45-48.

Plaintiff interprets these two statements to require that “periodically forwarding” occurs

(1) after a period of time has elapsed (e.g., every month), or (2) after an event has occurred either:

an amount has been reached or after a certain number of payments have been received). (e.g., after

g to Plaintiff, the proper construction of the term “periodically forwarding” must therefore Accordin

encompass both of these scenarios.

endants, however, argue that “periodically forwarding” should be construed as Def

ding at an interval other than upon every payment,” according to its ordinary and customary “forwar

efendants argue that Plaintiff's proposed construction violates the principle of claim meaning. D

ion in that dependant Claims 8 and 17 refer to accumulation to a predetermined amount, differentiat

r Plaintiff's construction, Claims 9 and 18 will improperly include the scope of Claims 8 but unde

Further, Defendants argue that Plaintiff's construction is premised on an incomplete excerpt and 17.

from the ‘281 specification.

that Plaintiff improperly seeks to limit the claim language to only those The Court finds

he above-mentioned illustrated embodiments. The claim language is broader situations described in t

= with

ndent claims are specific that forwarding is conducted contemporaneously it a ° © t ) D n

a t S a bk c — o owt en aa Teain d Soma Se fest

endent claims’ use of the “periodically” limitation only distinguishes that each payment. The dep

is not done contemporaneously with each payment. Thus, the Court finds Defendants’ forwarding

rect and construes the term “periodically forwarding” as “forwarding at an construction to be cor

interval other than upon every payment.”

Third party

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Plaintiff sets forth a construction for the term “third party” of “a payment receiver, L.e., a

merchant or merchant processor.” Defendants, on the other hand, argue for party that is neither the

tion, “party other than the merchant.” The main distinction between Defendants’ and the construc

onstruction is that Plaintiff seeks to exclude merchant processors from the Plaintiff’s proposed c

y,” whereas Defendants’ position is that the “third party” can be the merchant definition of “third part

processor itself.

ird party” is expressly recited in the second element of claim 10 as follows: The term “th

ng a portion of the payment to the third party to reduce the obligation.” Col. 8, “means for forwardi

, the portion of the payment that would otherwise go to the merchant from lines 19-20. In claim 10

r is instead sent to a separate party that is the payment receiver, i.e., the “third the merchant processo

y,” as this claim language indicates, is that party which receives the portion party.” The “third part

s forwarded by the merchant processor. The payment receiver is referred to as of the payment that i

10 because the payment receiver is a party other than the merchant or a “third party” in claim

merchant processor.

t specification describes the environment of the invention as the purchase The ‘281 paten

Figs. 1A and 1B. Both the merchant and the merchant processor are shown. transaction diagramed in

ment system of the invention is shown in Fig. 1C, which illustrates an The automated repay

r 60) that receives a payment from the merchant processor. Because the additional party (lende

dentified as a principal, it cannot also be a third party to the same transaction. merchant processor is i

nds support only in construing “third party” to be an entity that is not the The claim language fi

merchant or the merchant processor.

the Court adopts Plaintiffs construction and construes the term “third party” Accordingly,

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to mean a “payment receiver, i.e., a party that is neither the merchant or the merchant processor.”

at a merchant) for accepting a customer identifier as paymentf rom the customer and means Means (

arding information related to the payment to a computerized merchant for electronically forw

processor

The parties have addressed this single “means-plus-function” claim limitation as two separate

means for accepting” and the other being “means for forwarding.” However, limitations, one being “

as written, clearly sets forth dual functions and requires the corresponding structure to the claim,

iac Pacemakers Inc. v. St. Jude Med. Inc., 296 F.3d 1106 (Fed. Cir. 2002). perform both. See Card

rties advance a construction that includes a telephone and a World Wide Web Also, both pa

orresponding structures. Initially, itis to be noted that the claim clearly specifies page as alternative c

a merchant.” The ‘281 patent specification only identifies that a modality for that the structure is “at

de a customer identifier as payment to a merchant can be use of a telephone or a customer to provi

eb. These modalities are alternatives to a customer being “at a merchant use of the World Wide W

retail establishment. See Col. 2, lines 7-11 and Col. 3, lines 20-27. Therefore, location,” such as a

d Wide Web page are not linked as structure “at a merchant” that performs a telephone and a Worl

fier accepting function specified in the claim, nor is such structure linked to the customer identi

performing the “forwarding” function.

dentifies corresponding structure as being consumer data input device 316 and The Plaintiff i

22 as the “accepting means” and “forwarding means,” respectively. Defendants input/output device 3

pting means” is a keyboard or magnetic card reader but no structure is contend that the “acce

arding means.” According to Defendants, the absence of structure is because disclosed for the “forw

figured software, and a communications device are required to perform the a computer, properly con

the ‘281 patent specification fails to provide an algorithm according to forwarding function but

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which software performs the forwarding function. See Defs.’ Br. at 23-28.

In support of their position, Defendants rely upon WMS Gaming, Inc. v. Int’l Game Tech.,

184 F.3d 1339 (Fed. Cir. 1999) and Harris Corp. v. Ericsson Inc., 417 F.3d 1241, 1253 (Fed. Cir.

2005). According to Defendants, the corresponding structure cannot be just a general purpose

computer alone but must also include the algorithm being executed in realization of the specified

function. Plaintiff sidesteps WMS Gaming and Harris by contending that the function is not

computer-implemented. Rather, according to Plaintiff’s view, the “forwarding” function simply

requires a transmission of the payment-related information, which function is adequately

ed by just the modem. Although the parties purport to have “agreed” as to the function, accomplish

they have staked out positions as to the corresponding structure based on differing views of the

ng” function. Plaintiff contends it is simply a transfer of data between the merchant “forwardi

location and the merchant processor, whereas Defendants consider it to involve a complex,

algorithmic processing operation.

The parties, however, do agree that any corresponding structure must be clearly linked to the

claimed function by the ‘281 patent specification. See Pl.’s Br. at 9; Defs.’ Br. at 30. The parties

also agree that the diagram of Fig. 3B illustrates the structure that is disclosed as being “at a

merchant.” The structure of Fig. 3B is further identified as being in accordance with Verifone

merchant-location equipment. See Col. 6, lines 57-59. Moreover, the ‘281 patent specification

es the linking of Verifone equipment to the accepting and forwarding functions in the reiterat

he Invention. See Col. 2, lines 31-43. Neither of the parties disputed at oral argument Summary of t

e merchant-location equipment includes a keypad, magnetic card reader, processor, that Verifon

memory and modem. All of these components are shown in Fig. 3B. Also, such equipment would15 ~ Case 6:05-cv-00424-LED Document182 Filed 12/21/06 Page 15 of 44 PagelD #:

killed in the art to include the necessary software algorithms for execution be understood by one s

ducting the necessary point-of-sale operations attendant accepting a customer by a processor in con

identifier and forwarding payment information.

on is with respect to “information related to the payment” from the The “forwarding” functi

atent specification describes the equipment of Fig. 3B as including a cash customer. The ‘281 p

which permits a sales clerk to enter the amount of the customer purchase and register device 318,

information.” See Col. 6, lines 34-39. The description continues with an “nossibly other related

on data entered through the keypad/card reader and the cash register explanation that the transacti

ory along with merchant data including information identifying, for example, may be stored in mem

e. See Col. 6, lines 43-49. Throughout the description of Fig. 3B in the time or location of the sal

mation related to the payment,” the ‘281 patent specification does not mention relation to the “infor

cuses on the processor and memory elements of Fig. 3B. Thus, the /O modem 322 and instead fo

oes not link the modem 322 standing alone to “information related to the ‘281 patent specification d

the payment.”

312 is part of the corresponding structure linked to forwarding Because the processor

nt, in accordance with WMS Gaming and Harris, any disclosed information related to the payme

he corresponding structure. Defendants contend that there is no algorithm is necessarily part of t

‘281 patent specification identifies Verifone merchant-location algorithm disclosed. However, the

y available and is identified in the 281 patent as including all the equipment, which was generall

tware to be executed by the processor, for implementing the accepting and structure, including sof

his is a description of sufficient disclosure to one skilled in the art. See forwarding functions. T

Atmel Corp. v. Information Storage Devices, Inc., 198 F.3d 1374 (Fed. Cir. 1999).

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udes therefore that the corresponding structure “at a merchant” linked by the The Court concl

on to the accepting and forwarding functions is a combination of processor ‘281 patent specificati

dem 322, and a keypad or magnetic card reader 316, together with software 312, memory 320, mo

hm as implemented by Verifone merchant-location equipment available as of the executing an algorit

te of the parent application, serial no. 08/890,398. Consequently, the limitation July 9, 1997, filing da

ns for accepting a customer identifier as payment from the customer and for of “at a merchant, mea

lly forwarding information related to the payment to a computerized merchant processor” electronica

combination of processor 312, memory 320, modem 322, and a keypad or magnetic card covers a

software executing an algorithm as implemented by Verifone merchant-reader 316 together with

available as of the July 9, 1997 filing date of the parent application, serial no. location equipment

08/890,398, and equivalents thereof.

Means for receiving the information related to the payment from the merchant

The parties agree that the function of the “receiving means” is “receiving the information

from the merchant.” However, Plaintiffs claim that the corresponding related to the payment

eiving means” is “input/output device 306 or telephone,” while Defendants structure for the “rec

nding structure is a combination of a computer, software, and a physical argue that the correspo

ce. However, Defendants claim that the specification fails to identify any communications devi

software.

only that of “receiving,” which is separate from the functions of authorizing The function is

patent speaks in terms of an authorization request going to a merchant and settling. The ‘281

by transmission through the telephone system or other network prior to processor electronically

on. See Col. 3, lines 31-36. The authorization based on the received information involves authorizati

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processing of the information and thus stands apart from the receiving of the information.

he structure that is clearly linked to the receiving function is a modem. Plaintiff’s T

rly generalized and ignores that the patentee specifically linked the particular construction is ove

performance of the receiving function. The I/O device disclosed is one for modem I/O device to

tions between computers over a telephone line or a network. Thus, the device 306 is an communica

cation between computers for both input and output. Also, there is no linking interface for communi

hone to communication between the merchant 20 and the merchant processor of the use of a telep

300.

trap their argument by positing that modem driver software is required. Defendants boots

he receiving means is necessarily computer-implemented and software must Defendants assert that t

of the disclosure of corresponding structure. Defendants then advance that be included as part

plicit construction of the receiving function as being part of the functionality argument into an im

referenced as being performed by execution of software on processor 300.

ion is without merit. A software driver merely provides the functionality Defendant’s posit

eneral I/O instructions of a computer’s operating system to messages of a type of converting more g

ce can understand. A modem has a particular chipset that implements the that the peripheral devi

nctions. In order for the modem to transmit data, the modem modulation and demodulation fu

priately controlled. This control functionality is outside the recited receiving chipset must be appro

ed information is received following demodulation of the transmission signal function. The forward

to extract the original data signals containing the information.

rues the corresponding structure for the “receiving means” to be the Thus, the Court const

modem 306.

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warding a portion of the payment to the third party to reduce the obligation Means for for

ate that they agree as to the function of the “portion forwarding Again, the parties indic

hird party.” However, their dispute as to the corresponding structure means” other than the term “t

pecification derives from divergent views as to the scope of that disclosed in the ‘281 patent s

roposed construction that the corresponding structure is simply I/O function. Plaintiff advances a p

nt with their argument as to the “payment forwarding means,” device 306 in Fig. 3A. Consiste

forwarding function is computer-implemented but no algorithm is Defendants maintain that the

erforms the function. According to Defendants, without disclosed according to which software p

fficient structure disclosed and the claim is invalid for indefiniteness. such an algorithm, there is insu

means is specified as being at the computerized merchant First, the portion forwarding

or 300 of Fig. 3A is thus linked to the function. Second, the claim processor. The merchant process

is forwarded to the third party. None of the preceding claim specifies that “‘a portion of the payment”

n of the payment.” Therefore, the portion forwarding means limitations provides “a portio

portion of the payment.” The I/O device 306, which is necessarily involves derivation of “a

derivation of “a portion of the payment.” The modem 306 disclosed as a modem, is not linked to a

ith the merchant 20 or a third party lender. Col. 6, lines 60-63; is linked only to the communication w

patent specification links ethe broader functionality of the merchant Col. 5, lines 53-58. The ‘281 t

mory 304, modem 306, merchant accounts database and bus 310, processor to processor 302, me

ming “all of the functionality described herein.” Col. 5, lines 58-61. which are described as perfor

s forwarding a portion of the payment to a third party lender. Such functionality necessarily include

tion describes the environment of the invention as a purchase The ‘281 patent specifica

of a $100 customer purchase. See Col. 4, line 44 to Col. 5, line 3. transaction and uses an example

19"Case 6:05-cv-00424-LED Document182 _ Filed 12/21/06 Page 19 of 44 PagelD #:

vides specifics of payment authorization and settlement. Defendants agree that The description pro

cification reasonably describes the algorithm according to which software the ‘281 patent spe

ng and settling functions recited in the claim. See Defs.’ Br. at 34-operates to perform the authorizi

of a portion of the customer payment to a third party lender, the 35. In relation to the forwarding

es in the context of the $100 customer purchase example the ‘281 patent specification describ

ayment that is sent to the lender. See Col. 5, lines 21-37. In that derivation of a portion of the p

orth in which the $98.10 payment amount that exists after settlement description, an algorithm is set f

s applied has a $10.00 amount subtracted from it that is sent to the of the merchant processor fees i

81 patent specification also reasonably describes the algorithm lender. This description in the ‘2

erates to perform the function of “forwarding a portion of the according to which software op

payment to the third party.”

refore that the corresponding structure linked by the ‘281 patent The Court concludes the

portion of the payment function is a combination of processor 302, specification to the forwarding a

gether with software executing an algorithm as described at column memory 304, and modem 306 to

the limitation of “means for forwarding a portion of the payment to 5, lines 21-37. Consequently,

gation” covers a combination of processor 302, memory 304, and the third party to reduce the obli

and equivalents thereof.

Conclusion

the Court interprets the claim language in this case in the manner For the foregoing reasons,

rence, the Court’s claim interpretations are set forth in a table set forth above. For ease of refe

attached to this opinion.

20aoe" Case 6:05-cv-00424-LED Documenti182_ Filed 12/21/06 Page 20 of 44 PagelD#: ~

So ORDERED and SIGNED this 21st day of December, 2006.

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

21L :

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